- 身体、社会与运动:体育社会学理论十讲
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- 2025-04-08 20:13:55
五 结构功能主义理论对体育研究的启示
对于结构功能主义学者来说,体育是一种社会制度,它向体育参与者传递着某种社会价值观,并维持着社会秩序。但是,体育对社会的功能只能在与其他社会要素的结合中才能体现出来,这些要素包括家庭、教育、宗教等,这为体育社会学家的研究提供了诸多的启发。
首先,结构功能主义者认为体育首先是一个次文化体系(sub-cultural system),它可以教会人们基本的社会价值观与道德标准,这体现了体育的社会情感以及维持社会秩序的功能。围绕着这一功能,我们可以研究体育运动在控制和释放紧张情绪中所发挥的作用;体育在增强社会凝聚力中所发挥的作用;体育参与对个人和社会发展所发挥的作用等。同时,结构功能主义者认为运动队在基本的社会价值观和道德标准上达成共识,才能使整个体育系统保持平衡并降低解散的风险。为保持体育系统的平衡,我们可以研究如何鼓励运动队成员遵守运动队的价值观和规范;如何应对球员挑战运动队的主流价值观和规范的现象;如何协调集体主义与个人主义行为的关系;分析理解职业体育中的球员交易、解雇问题;运动队的球员、教练在体育系统中的工作方式;等等。
其次,结构功能主义者认为,体育实践可以通过集体的展示将社会成员整合起来,同时,体育也是一种社会角色塑造的工具,它会影响个体社会角色的学习过程。为此,我们就体育在个人、团体、社区之间的协调和整合中所发挥的作用,体育在和谐社会中的贡献,如何发展和组织体育活动,奥运会与全球和平和发展,如何增加体育的机会,学校体育和校外体育计划的重要性,设置精英体育成功课程的重要性,增加对运动员的监督和控制的重要性等方面展开研究。
再次,社会流动功能主义者认为,体育运动为个人提供了一个提高社会地位和改善经济条件的机会。为此,可以就体育的经济功能、体育的拼搏精神对个人的成功所发挥的作用,体育在个人的社会化进程中发挥的作用,直接或间接参与体育运动所带来的机会(升学、就业)等方面进行研究。
最后,用结构功能主义理论的视角可以解释很多体育现象。例如,体育制度及其背后的经济、政治、社会、文化因素;体育治理的系统性问题;运动健康促进的社会机理;学校体育对学生社会化的影响;大力弘扬体育精神的系统因素;等等。
简而言之,结构功能主义理论有助于学者探讨体育如何帮助社会、社区、组织以及团体平稳地运转,同时也有助于探讨个人如何在参与体育的过程中为社会做出贡献。但是学者们在应用结构功能主义的同时也要注意到结构功能主义的不足,需要克服传统结构功能主义的“反个人主义”、“忽视变迁”、“保守主义”以及对社会多元化的轻视等缺点,要在新结构功能主义的倡导下,突破原有分析模式的局限,更加有针对性地对新时期所出现的体育现象进行解释和分析。
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